15:7). A Guide to 32, no. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, JNES 15, 1956, pp. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. Judges 6:3 | View whole chapter | See verse in context. This capital, which was located in the far north of Babylonia, included a big palace and a temple with a high tower of the ziggurat type. The temple gave people loans, possibly in return for labor, which may have led to a situation of indebtedness. 219-45. The rulers of the successive three post-Kassite dynasties (ca. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. A. Christ was an incarnation of Yah-Veh. How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? 54, 1992, pp. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. However, the river is only 175 . 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Christ was descended from Abraham. 17-22. It does not store any personal data. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. [6] As was typical in the region, there was some cross pollination with other religions. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. 43 f.; cf. A. 5 (197680, Miller, Jared L.. "3. Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. Around 1800 B.C., the Kassites began to settle in the Zagros Mountains which are located in modern day Iran. Cite This Work [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Idem, Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C., Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 7, Philadelphia, 1984. How did the American colonies actually win the war and gain their Independence from Britain? One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. 17793, Roaf, Michael. For the mineral, see, Brinkman, J. Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles . (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) 19-38. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. Once Kassite rulers were finally overthrown, they never regained power. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. Large Map of Israel in the First Century - Click around on the Cities. 1 The Assyrian Empire. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Kraus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Studia Francisci Scholten memoriae dicata 5, Leiden, 1982, pp. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). (2011, August 03). Fourteen letters were exchanged between the pharaohs and two successive Kassite kings, Kadaman-Enlil I (1369-55 BCE) and Burnaburia II (1354-28 BCE). Kassites. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular, and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. The emergence of Assyria as a world power under Aur-uballi caused Burnaburia II to marry Aur-uballis daughter as his main wife. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). 257 ff. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. Kassites and Assyrians. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. (1998, pp. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. I read the Bible four times as a child I thought I believed different from everyone else. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. See also IRAN vii. Its about events 700-1000 years later. Kassites. While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. J. Eidem, The Shemshra Tablets 2: The Administrative Texts, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 15, Copenhagen, 1982. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. Volume 2 Kardunia. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. 1/2, 1981, pp. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . Like the Sumeriancs, no one knows for sure where they came from. The panes of glass used to create these images were very brightly colored, and closer analysis has revealed that they were bright green, blue, white, and red-orange. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. "16. Armstrong, James A. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. Kassite and Elamite Kings". [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. and ruled the area for 576 years. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Your email address will not be published. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. The Assyrians were great warriors. First Century Israel Map - (10)" . 8, 1966, pp. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium,. The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. W. Eilers, rev. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. 23342, J. 3, 1973, pp. After the invasion of Tukulti-Ninurta I the Kassite rulers of Babylonia bore a mixture of Akkadian and Kassite names. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. [53] Kassite pottery deposits have been found as far away as Al Khor Island in the Persian Gulf area. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. [14] A number of seals have also been found. XVI, Fasc. [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The implication is that whatever pertains to the historical Jesus Christ belongs to the "New" and whatever pertains to the people among whom Jesus grew up belongs to the "Old". 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. Charpin, 1995). 417 f.). 55, pp. The Kushites are the Nilo-Saharan peoples who contributed their binary worldview to the ancient Afro-Asiatic world. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. Schneider, Thomas (2003). Because I thought I believe so different from everyone else. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). 271-81. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. Jt. The date and the exact conditions of this seizure of power are unknown to us, the first decades of the Kassite dynasty being unknown to us. Required fields are marked *. The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. 1499-1503. Ghent and Chicago: The University of Ghent and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Thank you for your help! [3] This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. [20] Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Unlike conquerors who preceded them, the Kassites do not seem to have been considered a foreign and intrusive element by the Babylonians in the post-Kassite period and later. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? "2. BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. Download Free PDF View PDF. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). These are caretakers of the people and the closest they have to political leaders. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). 351-58. 15-26. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. How Long In Prison? A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. ), whose kings were native Babylonians. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. The Sealand, which was ruled by another dynasty perhaps since the demise of Babylons rule in the south, was incorporated into Babylonia in ca. The world of the Bible is knowable. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. 210 f.). M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. 225, 1977, pp. 6, no. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Is The NIV Purposefully Removing References To Fasting? Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. Ashkelon has been overcome; Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. Many endure rather than enjoy reading these two chapters. Paper, 1956, p. 252). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. Idem, Kassiten, RlA 5, 1976-1980, pp. Major construction occurred under Kadashman-Enlil, Kudur-Enlil, and Shagarakti-Shuriash, with lesser levels of repair work under Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. In tablet #149, Abi-Milku praises Pharaoh and compares him to Sun god. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Balkan, 1954, pp. Dr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives". The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. 20712, Brinkman, J. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Brinkman, 1986). Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. Important sources for reconstructing the Kassite Dynasty are kudurrus. that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . Aktuelle Forschungsprobleme in der vorderasiatischen Archologie, Hildesheim, 1995, pp. Idem, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, Analecta Orientalia 43, Rome, 1968. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Raphael Kutscher memorial volume, Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Occasional Publications 1, Tel Aviv, 1993, pp. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Kassite toponyms refer to three polities in western Media, viz., Nahi-marti, Bt-Kilamzah, and Bt-Kubatti. 2, 2004, pp. 1-19. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. A terminus post quem for the Kassites penetration into the Middle Euphrates region and Upper Mesopotamia in general can be deduced from the absence of Kassite names.in the rich documentation from early Old Babylonian Mari, Tuttul, Tall Lln, and Chaghar Bazar. In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. "People Praying on Stone: Identity in Kassite Babylonian Seals, ca. Republished under the British Museum Standard Terms of Use for non-profit educational purposes. (c)linking his wealth to the traditional system (d)damaging the economy beyond repair (e)permanently reforming corrupt temple priest in egypt (a)the invention of monotheism Which of the following is true of the rule of Akhenaten? The problem is that there are several places called Ur. Idem, Beitrge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit, Baghdader Forschungen 21, Mainz, 2001. . 224 f.). In the 1st millennium the Kassites withdrew to the Zagros Mountains, where they opposed the eastward expansion of Assyrian power and paid tribute to Persia. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? 17 f.). Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. Roman Empire Map - It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. World History Encyclopedia. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites.