If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. 08. jna 2022 . synopsis of the problems that we found that could be attributed to sterile cockpit before landing. Unexpected calls or cockpit entry There are many types of assessment, but the flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain knowledge or practical skill levels. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. For example, have a student visualize how the flight may occur under normal circumstances, with the student describing how he or she would fly the flight. Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. Craig Levine comes from an airline back ground, and mentioned a particular concern of his. The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. Jumping, Aiming and Breaking, learn how to hit center ball. important. Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. The habitual attention to instrument indications leads to improved landings because of more precise airspeed control. Cited one First Officer: The Captain of an air carrier aircraft Students reluctant to use checklists can be reminded that pilots at all levels of experience refer to checklists, and that the more advanced the aircraft is, the more crucial checklists become. For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. When the skill being taught is related to previously learned procedures or maneuvers, the known to unknown strategy may be used effectively. This may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect performance and judgment. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. is conducted by flight crew members below 10,000 feet, not only is it potentially Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. Duties such as company required calls made for non-safety This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. one crew member to be "out of the loop." It just happens. At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. . It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . In this case, the pilot landed his aircraft without loss of life, Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. Sixty percent of stall/spin accidents occurred during takeoff and landing, and twenty percent were preceded by engine failure. The deficiencies listed below are apparent to others before the individual notices any physical signs of fatigue, Another form of fatigue is chronic fatigue which occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. accidents. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely. How far the aircraft rolls (steepness of the bank) depends on how long the ailerons are deflected, since the aircraft continues to roll as long as the ailerons are deflected. With a little arm twisting I convinced him . Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. Ask the student to pick it up, Ask the student to determine a heading to an airport using a chart, Ask the student to get something from the back seat, Ask the student to read the outside air temperature, Ask the student to call the Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) for weather information, Ask the student to compute true airspeed with a flight computer, Ask the student to identify terrain or objects on the ground, Ask the student to identify a field suitable for a forced landing, Have the student climb 200 feet and maintain altitude, then descend 200 feet and maintain altitude, Have the student reverse course after a series of S-turns, It is a flight instructors responsibility to teach the student how to take charge during a flight. to help minimize many of the problems that we just annotated. Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. What resources do you have to assist you? visiting the cockpit or calling on the interphone were noted in almost one quarter conversation with jump seat riders. The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. Officer. The FAA holds him or her accountable. For example, changes to regulatory requirements may affect the wording, or the instructor may customize the endorsement for any special circumstances of the applicant. When the desired angle of bank is reached, neutralize the ailerons, and trim as appropriate, Lead the roll-out by approximately one-half the number of degrees of the angle of bank. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. Signing this recommendation imposes a serious responsibility on the flight instructor. Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request When the pilot becomes task saturated, there is no awareness of inputs from various sources; decisions may be made on incomplete information, and the possibility of error increases. The most effective cure is prevention. From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. (ACN 173707). The concept is simple. excellent, Mike. Traditional pilot instruction has emphasized flying skills, knowledge of the aircraft, and familiarity with regulations. feet MSL (mean sea level). FAR 121.542, often referred to as the "Sterile Cockpit Rule", reads: (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. If students are exposed to ATC as much as possible during training, they feel confident asking controllers to clarify instructions and are better equipped to use ATC as a resource for assistance in unusual circumstances or emergencies, Throughout training, students can be asked to identify internal and external resources, which can be used in a variety of flight situations. As discussed in the section on flight instructor qualifications, instructors must be familiar with the components of each aircraft in which they instruct to ensure students understand the operation of the equipment, Checklists are essential flight deck resources for verifying that the aircraft instruments and systems are checked, set, and operating properly, as well as ensuring that the proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or inflight emergency. The student who hesitates when prompt action is required, or who makes the decision to not decide, has made a wrong decision. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. a pretty good idea when it is first considered. And as evidenced by literally As one reporter resolves: Another reporter offered a good suggestion It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related, By taking a system approach to aviation safety, flight instructors interweave aeronautical knowledge, aircraft control skills, ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM into the training process, Historically, the term "pilot error" has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. attention is diverted from the task of flying, the chance of error increases. This briefing includes the instrument indications to be expected, as well as the outside references to be used to control the attitude of the aircraft, Each new flight maneuver is introduced using both outside and instrument references with students developing the ability to maneuver an aircraft equally as well by instrument or outside references. The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. were made below 10,000 feet. If the student is unable to land in the first third, teach him or her to make an immediate go around. All of the students physical and mental faculties are brought into play. the gross rent multiplier uses quizlet. While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. The student must be comfortable, confident in the instructor and the aircraft, and at ease if effective learning is to occur. To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. or pointing out sights of interest and filling out company payroll and The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. For example, failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it could mean the bulb is burned out. While these pressures may exist in the workplace, students may also experience the same type of stress regarding their flight training schedule. But a valuable In this step, the thinking is done verbally. After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. A student who is airsick or bothered with incipient airsickness is incapable of learning at a normal rate. This is by far the most important flight instructor responsibility. Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise Fortunately I've received some help this month. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. reports: The connotation "extraneous Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight Make power-off, stall-warning blaring, on centerline touchdowns in the first third of runway, Flight instructors have the responsibility of producing the safest pilots possible. This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. A successful CFI points out the potential for the behavior and teaches the student the antidote for that attitude. Recovery from chronic fatigue requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. In some cases, the student is not able to meet the proficiency level specified in the lesson objectives within the allotted time. Safety permitting, it is frequently better to let students progress part of the way into the mistake and find a way out. Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight.